Aum Shinrikyo And The Events - 1145 Words

AUM SHINRIKYO AND THE EVENTS LEADING TO THE 1995 TOKYO SUBWAY SARIN ATTACKS SSG JENNIFER A. BALLARD CBRN SLC CLASS 03-13 SGL: SFC MACRI Abstract This paper will explore research results done through the internet and through published books on the background of the cult group Aum Shinrikyo, now known as the group Aleph, and several other Sarin gas attacks, to include the terrorist attack on the Tokyo subway on 20 March 1995. There is a lot of speculation and questions surrounding this cult group, which will be discussed later, who started out as a peaceful yoga group by the founder and his wife, turn into a radical doomsday cult religion capable of not one but several chemical terrorists acts towards their own countrymen. According†¦show more content†¦The articles focus on the beginnings of the group as a peaceful yoga group and lead up to the most recent events with the chemical attacks of the Tokyo subway systems. Shoko Asahara, who was born Chizuo Matsumoto, during his stay in India in 1986, while he was on various religious retreats in the Himalayan Mountains, claimed to have found enlightenment and upon his re turn to Japan founded the group Aum Shinrikyo in 1987. The group started out with a small following from the yoga studio, Aum Shinsen-no kai, he and his wife, Kazuko, owned and operated. Eventually word starting spreading about his so-called â€Å"teachings of the supreme truth† (World Religions and Spirituality Project VCU, Jackie Fowler, 2001). Asahara claimed that he had the power to read minds and because of his enlightenment, claimed to have visions or prophesies, as he would call them, about future events. Asahara started preaching sermons about how his â€Å"visions† showed him that the world would end by the turn of the 21st century and that the only survivors would be Aum Shinrikyo members themselves. The group was so obsessed with Armageddon that it went so far as to try to make it happen themselves. In March 1993, Asahara gave orders to start production of Sarin gas

Pizza Store Layout Simulation Apply the Learning Curve Theory Free Essays

A learning curve, in common terms, â€Å"is used to describe the effort required to acquire a new skill (e. g. , expertise with a new tool) over a specific period of time† Wikipedia. We will write a custom essay sample on Pizza Store Layout Simulation: Apply the Learning Curve Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now org. In scholarly terms, â€Å"Learning curves are also an integral part in planning corporate strategy, such as decisions concerning pricing, capital investment, and operating costs based on experience curves† Chase-Jacobs-Aquilano. In the pizzeria scenario presented requires a full understanding of the cause and effect of decisions made and making adjustments to minimize the amount of time to complete the entire process and also minimizing the amount of potential customers from leaving. To streamline the process, it is important to recognize the transformations of the business as it moves along the entire learning curve when each scenario is considered and acted upon. Measuring the process of serving pizza The pizzeria has been in business since 1950 and has become a recognizable mainstay in Palm Springs, CA for its quality and uniqueness. As the business is being passed down, it is important for the successor to recognize the learning curve and understand the restaurant as it functions today. During peak times, the pizzeria staffs four wait staff and two kitchen workers. With customers arriving in groups of two to four every three to five minutes there are only 14 4-top tables, but no 2-top tables to seat each party. The entire process from when a customer walks into the pizzeria to the time they leave takes 53 minutes. Eleven of the minutes are consumed just waiting to be seated at an open table and another 13 minutes are consumed back in the kitchen processing the order – room for improvement. Applying the learning curve theorem By turning four of the 4-tops into eight 2-tops, it increases the total tables available at the pizzeria from 14 to 18 and effectively reduces the average wait time to 5. 27 minutes. The additional tables also allow the utilization of the wait staff to a manageable and profitable 87%. The observations and learning’s of the first two weeks have allowed the pizzeria to become more efficient, reduce the amount of time customers have to wait, reduced the amount of customers who have â€Å"balked† and left before they could be served and has increased the profit from $1065 to $1653. Identifying process weaknesses The Pizzeria has incorporated key improvements from observations of the process. Unfortunately, it is necessary to invest in capital with newer more advanced systems in order to sustain the growth. In this case, the four manual ovens are beginning to hinder the current process and the wait staff has become less effective. So by replacing the four manual ovens with two automated conveyor ovens from Plax reduced the mean processing time to four minutes and by installing the MenuPoint system has reduced the mean processing time for the wait staff to eight minutes. The average wait time now in the pizzeria is only 4. 4 minutes with an average queue time of only 2. 63 minutes. Expanding on what’s been learned The Pizzeria is experiencing, as I have heard it called, â€Å"A champagne problem† increased potential business – which, is good, but how to handle it? In this case, the location next to the Pizzeria, Cream Puffs, is closing and offers a perfect opportunity to expand the Pizzeria by seven more 4-tops and four more 2-tops. This reduces the wa iting time even further to an average of 3. 47 minutes with an average queue of 2. 7 minutes. Conclusion Mario and his wife Sofia have done an outstanding job building the business since 1950, however; there was much more opportunity available for the Pizzeria to run more efficient and generate a greater profit. Mario’s successor became more familiar with maintaining a balance between the customer demand for the service and the capacity of the system to provide the service. His management of the Pizzeria became more effective and processes became more efficient as he moved along the learning curve. How to cite Pizza Store Layout Simulation: Apply the Learning Curve Theory, Essays

Tourism the Business of Travel free essay sample

Legal system which protects personal safety 2. The Middle Ages(5th- 14th) and the Renaissance Era(14th-16th) Mayans establish trade and travel routes in parts of Central and North America. European travel on failed religious crusades to retake the Holy Lands from Muslim control introduce these military forces to new places and cultures. Macro Polo’s travels throughout the Far East begin to heighten interest in travel and trade. Trade routes develop as commercial activities grow and merchants venture into new territories. 3. The Grand Tour Era(1613-1785) Grand Tour Era makes travel a status symbol for wealthy individuals seeking to experience cultures of the civilized world. 4. The Mobility Era The Mobility Era was characterized by increased travel to new and familiar locations, both near and far. Industrial Revolution gives rise to technological advances, making travel and trade more efficient and expanding markets; increasing personal incomes make travel both a business necessity and a leisure activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism the Business of Travel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5. The Modern Era The 20th-century phenomenon that came to be known as mass tourism now includes two different groups of travelers. These groups are classified as organization mass tourists who buy packaged tours and follow an itinerary prepared and organized by tour operators. The second group is classified as individual mass tourists. A Tourism Model The tourism model is set up by 3 segments include travelers, tourism promoters and tourism suppliers. 1. Travelers ( tourists), who serve as the focal point for all tourism activities and form the center of our model. 2. Tourism promoters link the traveling public with the suppliers of services. 3. Tourism suppliers may provide these services independently. The Travel Decision-Making Process [pic] Five quality dimensions  ¦ Tangibles: Physical aspects of the service that customer sees/interacts with  ¦ Reliability: Ability of personnel to perform service accurately and consistently  ¦ Responsiveness: Employees’ willingness to help and provide prompt service  ¦ Assurance: Sense of trustworthiness that the employees inspire  ¦ Empathy: â€Å"Warm, fuzzy† heartfelt hospitality employee shows the customer, individualized treatment [pic] Why Use Intermediaries?  ¦ Intermediaries make information and services widely available cost-effectively  ¦ They perform a variety of value-added functions such as:  ¦ Provide information about types and availability of services  ¦ Contact current and potential customers  ¦ Make reservations and other travel arrangements  ¦ Assemble packages of services  ¦ Prepare tickets  ¦ Bear financial risk by buying services in bulk for resale to individuals/groups Five primary reasons for the Gaming increase  ¦ Voters have viewed gaming as a voluntary tax More people view gaming as an acceptable leisure activity  ¦ Retirees are the single largest gaming segment and their number is increasing  ¦ Casinos are appealing to segments other than the traditional â€Å"high rollers†  ¦ Casinos are now located near more and more populations centers Casino resorts  ¦ Have added non-gaming activities to transform casino into resort  ¦ Spread of gaming resorts throughout the world  ¦ Mega-resort theme park/casinos appeal to families and just about everyone Transportation Surface Transportation,Riding the rails, Automobiles, Motorcoaches Three-Level Distribution Channels Service ProviderTour Operator-Travel Agent-Customer Comparative Advantage( ) Tourism has comparative advantage over other industries if it yields a better return on the region’s human and natural resource inputs Tourism may have a comparative advantage over other industries in two ways:  ¦ Tourism is likely to have a comparative advantage for a region if: ? It has features that are highly attractive to visitors ?

The Promise of Sociology free essay sample

Excerpt from The Sociological Imagination (originally published in 1959) This classic statement of the basic ingredients of the sociological imagination† retains its vitality and relevance today and remains one of the most influential statements of what sociology is all about. In reading, focus on Mills distinction between history and biography and between individual troubles and public issues. Nowadays men often feel that their private lives are a series of traps.They sense that within their everyday worlds, they cannot overcome their troubles, and in this feeling, they are often quite correct: What ordinary men are directly aware of and what they try to do are bounded by the private orbits in which they live; their visions and their powers are limited to the close-up scenes of job, family, neighborhood; in other milieux, they move vicariously and remain spectators. And the more aware they become, however vaguely, of ambitions and of threats which transcend their immediate locales, the more trapped they seem to feel. We will write a custom essay sample on The Promise of Sociology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Underlying this sense of being trapped are seemingly impersonal changes in the very structure of continent-wide societies. The facts of contemporary history are also facts about the success and the failure of individual men and women. When a society is industrialized, a peasant becomes a worker; a feudal lord is liquidated or becomes a businessman. When classes rise or fall, a man is employed or unemployed; when the rate of investment goes up or down, a man takes new heart or goes broke.When wars happen, an insurance salesman becomes a rocket launcher; a store clerk, a radar man; a wife lives alone; a child grows up without a father. Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both. Yet men do not usually define the troubles they endure in terms of historical change and institutional contradiction. The well-being they enjoy, they do not usually impute to the big ups and downs of the societies in which they live.Seldom aware of the intricate connection between the patterns of their own lives and the course of world history, ordinary men do not usually know what this connection means for the kinds of men they are becoming and for the kinds of history-making in which they might take part. They do not possess the quality of mind essential to grasp the interplay of man and society, of biography and history, of self and world. They cannot cope with their personal troubles in such ways as to control the structural transformations that usually lie behind them. Surely it is no wonder.In what period have so many men been so totally exposed at so fast a pace to such earthquakes of change? That Americans have not known such catastrophic changes as have the men and women of other societies is due to historical facts that are now quickly becoming merely history. The history that now affects every man is world history. . The very shaping of history now outpaces the ability of men to orient themselves in accordance with cherished values. Is it any wonder that ordinary men feel they cannot cope with the larger worlds with which they are so suddenly confronted?That they cannot understand the meaning of their epoch for their own lives?.. . Is it any wonder that they come to be possessed by a sense of the trap? 1 It is not only information they needin this Age of Fact, information often dominates their attention and overwhelms their capacities to assimilate it. What they need, and what they feel they need, is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves.It is this quality, I am going to contend, that journalists and scholars, artists and publics, scientists and editors are coming to expect of what may be called the sociological imagination. The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals. It enables him to take into account how individuals, in the welter of their daily experience, often become falsely conscious of their social positions.Within that welter, the framework of modern society is sought, and within that framework the psychologies of a variety of men and women are formulated. By such means the personal uneasiness of individuals is focused upon explicit troubles and the indifference of publics is transformed into involvement with public issues. The first fruit of this imaginationand the first lesson of the social science that embodies it-is the idea that the individual can understand his own experience and gauge his own fate only by locating himself within his period, that he can know his own chances in life only by becoming aware of hose of all individuals in his circumst ances. In many ways it is a terrible lesson; in many ways a magnificent one. We do not know the limits of mans capacities for supreme effort or willing degradation, for agony or glee, for pleasurable brutality or the sweetness of reason. But in our time we have come to know that the limits of human nature are frighteningly broad. We have come to know that every individual lives, from one generation to the next, in some society; that he lives out a biography, and that he lives it out within some historical sequence.By the fact of his living he contributes, however minutely, to the shaping of this society and to the course of its history, even as he is made by society and by its historical push and shove. The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. That is its task and its promise. To recognize this task and this promise is the mark of the classic social analyst. It is characteristic of Herbert Spencerturgid, polysyllabic, comprehensive; of E. A. Ross-graceful, muckraking, upright; of Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim; of the intricate and subtle Karl Mannheim.It is the quality of all that is intellectually excellent in Karl Marx; it is the clue to Thorstein Veblens brilliant and ironic insight, to Joseph Schumpeters many-sided constructions of reality; it is the basis of the psychological sweep of W. E. H. Lecky no less than of the profundity and clarity of Max Weber. And it is the signal of what is best in contemporary studies of man and society. No social study that does not come back to the problems of biography, of history and of their intersections within a society has completed its intellectual journey.Whatever the specific problems of the classic social analysts, however limited or however broad the features of social reality they have examined, those who have been imaginatively aware of the promise of their work have consistently asked three sorts of questions: (1) What is the structure of this particular society as a whole? What are its essential components, and how are they related to one another? How does it differ from other varieties of social order? Within it, what is the meaning of any particular feature for its continuance and for its change? (2) Where does this society stand in human history? What are the mechanics by which it is changing? What is its place within and its meaning for the development of humanity as a whole? How does any particular feature we are examining affect, and how is it affected by, th e historical period in which it moves? And this period-what are its essential features? How does it differ from other periods? What are its characteristic ways of history-making? (3) What varieties of men and women now prevail in this society and in this period?And what varieties are coming to prevail? In what ways are they selected and formed, liberated and repressed, made sensitive and blunted? What kinds of human nature are revealed in the conduct and character we observe in this society in this period? And what is the meaning for human nature of each and every feature of the society we are examining? Whether the point of interest is a great power state or a minor literary mood, a family, a prison, a creed-these are the kinds of questions the best social analysts have asked.They are the intellectual pivots of classic studies of man in society-and they are the questions inevitably raised by any mind possessing the sociological, imagination. For that imagination is the capacity to shift from one perspective to another-from the political to the psychological; from examination of a single family to comparative assessment of the national budgets of the world; from the theological school to the military establishment; from considerations of an oil industry to studies of contemporary poetry.It is the capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote transformations to the most intimate features of the human self and to see the relations between the two. Back of its use there is always the urge to know the social and historical meaning of the individual in the society and in the period in which he has his quality and his being. That, in brief, is why it is by means of the sociological imagination that men now hope to grasp what is going on in the world, and to understand what is happening in themselves as minute points of the intersections of biography and history within society. .They acquire a new way of thinking, they experience a transvaluation of values: in a word, by their reflection and by their sensibility, they realize the cultural meaning of the social sciences. Perhaps the most fruitful distinction with which the sociological imagination works is between the personal troubles of milieu and the public issues of social structure. This distinction is an essential tool of the sociological imagination and a feature of all classic work in social science. Troubles occur within the character of the individual and within the range of his immediate relations with others; they have to do with his self and with those limited areas of social life of which he is directly and personally aware. Accordingly, the statement and the resolution of troubles properly lie within the individual as a biographical entity and within the scope of his immediate milieu-the social setting that is directly open to his personal experience and to some extent his willful activity.A trouble is a private matter: values cherished by an individual are felt by him to be threatened. Issues have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of his inner life. They have to do with the organization of many such milieux into the institutions of an historical society as a whole, with the ways in which various milieux overlap and interpenetrate to form the larger structure of social and historical life. An issue is a public matter : some value cherished by publics is felt to be threatened.Often there is a 3 debate about what that value really is and about what it is that really threatens it. This debate is often without focus if only because it is the very nature of an issue, unlike even widespread trouble, that it cannot very well be defined in terms of the immediate and everyday environments of ordinary men. An issue, in fact, often involves a crisis in institutional arrangements, and often too it involves what Marxists call contradictions or antagonisms. In these terms, consider unemployment. When, in a city of 100,000, only one man is unemployed, that is his personal trouble, and for its relief we properly look to the character of the man, his skills, and his immediate opportunities. But when in a nation of 50 million employees, 15 million men are unemployed, that is an issue, and we may not hope to find its solution within the range of opportunities open to any one individual. The very structure of opportunities has collapsed.Both the correct statement of the problem and the range of possible solutions require us to consider the economic and political institutions of the society, and not merely the personal situation and character of a scatter of individuals. Consider war. The personal problem of war, when it occurs, may be how to survive it or how to die in it with honor; how to make money out of it; how to climb into the higher safety of the military apparatus; or how to contribute to the wars termination. In short, according to ones values, to find a set of milieux and within it to survive the war or make ones death in it meaningful.But the structural issues of war have to do with its causes; with what types of men it throws up into command; with its effects upon economic and political, family and religious institutions, with the unorganized irresponsibility of a world of nation-states. Consider marriage. Inside a marriage a man and a woman may experience personal troubles, but when the divorce rate during the first four years of marriage is 250 out of every 1,000 attempts, this is an indication of a structural issue having to do with the institutions of marriage and the family and other institutions that bear upon them.. .What we experience in various and specific milieux, I have noted, is often caused by structural changes. Accordingly, to understand the changes of many personal milieux we are required to look beyond them. And the number and variety of such structural changes increase as the institutions within which we live become more embracing and more intricately connected with one another. To be aware of the idea of social structure and to use it with sensibility is to be capable of tracing such linkages among a great variety of milieux. To be able to do that is to possess the sociological imagination.. 4

Persuasive Letter Essays - Philosophy Of Religion, Existence Of God

Persuasive Letter Essays - Philosophy Of Religion, Existence Of God Persuasive Letter May 5, 2013 123 Main Street Any Town, NJ 12345 Dear Abdulsalem: I know it has been awhile since I spoke to you but I just wanted to let you know I just took a philosophy class and really learned a lot. I know you have been hesitant about talking about your religion but I just wanted to share some thing with you and see if you will have a different view. The biggest thing I learned about was the difference between Theology and Philosophy. I may have always kind of grouped them together but I not only see how they can be similar in one religion but I can also now see how they can be different in others as well. By the end of this letter, I am hoping to persuade you to be open minded with things like philosophy and theology. First, I thought it would be good to just go through a simple definition of what each is. Theology is simply the belief in God. I, myself being a Roman Catholic and you being Muslim just means we may call him something different but we both believe in a high power. With theology we both look for a clear understanding of our religion and make assumptions from our doctrines. Philosophy actually assumes nothing. It is different since philosophers are always looking for the proof of the argument. Philosophy is actually a discipline that uses reason and logic to understand its reality. I know you always leaned more to the philosophical side as you are a skeptic by nature. I, myself, am a true believer and do not need to see to believe. In my class, I also learned about a few other religions and what they thought as well. Just to back up my own Christian upbringing, I thought I would share a view with you. AS you know the biggest question Philosophers have is if God really exists and if so, why did he send his son and how can he be referred to as the Father, Son and Holy Ghost. One of the Philosophers that tried to evaluate if God did exist was St. Anselm. He envisioned God as the Greatest Conceivable Thing and said that only a fool can think God does not exist. He created something called the ontological argument which simply means that Gods existence is self-evident and it is harder to believe there is no God. So even though he assumes God exists, his argument is valid because only a fool would think he did not. I thought I would look into the Muslim culture and see if I can find an argument as well. I found something on the internet and thought I would share this too. Ibn Rushd (Averros) was a Muslim Philosopher and highly regarded in the West. His interpretations or Aristotle sparked interest among the other Muslims and Ibn sought to ease the tension between philosophy and religion. His novel exegesis of seminal Quranic verses made the case for three valid paths of arriving at religious truths, and that philosophy was one if not the best of them, therefore its study should not be prohibited. (iep.utm.edu/ibnrushd/) He was a strong believer that theology and philosophy went together and they helped demonstrate deeper meanings of their representation and words. The last religion I looked at to see if they thought theology and philosophy went hand in hand was the Jewish culture. We both know they believe God exists just what is different from my religion is that they do not believe Jesus was already on earth. They do not believe that God would have put his only son on earth to suffer at the hands of others like he did. Moses Maimonides was a philosopher who attempted to reconcile reason and revelation. I believe that each philosopher and religion proves that theology and philosophy can work together to prove there is a God and to understand that we are better off believing that to be true then not. We used to talk about how many people can believe in all different Gods yet we knew they were still referring to once diving being. This just proves that even though each philosopher needs proof, the unknowing

Using Ethnomethodology to Understand Social Order

Using Ethnomethodology to Understand Social Order What Is Ethnomethodology? Ethnomethodology is a theoretical approach in sociology based on the belief that you can discover the normal social order of a society by disrupting it. Ethnomethodologists explore the question of how people account for their behaviors. To answer this question, they may  deliberately disrupt social norms to see how people respond and how they try to restore social order. Ethnomethodology was first developed during the 1960s by a sociologist named  Harold Garfinkel. It is not an especially popular method, but it has become an accepted approach. What Is the Theoretical Basis for Ethnomethodology? One way of thinking about ethnomethodology is built around the belief that human interaction takes place within a consensus and interaction is not possible without this consensus. The consensus is part of what holds society together and is made up of the norms for behavior that people carry around with them. It is assumed that people in a society share the same norms and expectations for behavior and so by breaking these norms, we can study more about that society and how they react to broken normal social behavior. Ethnomethodologists argue that you cannot simply ask a person what norms he or she uses because most people are not able to articulate or describe them. People are generally not wholly conscious of what norms they use and so ethnomethodology is designed to uncover these norms and behaviors. Examples of Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodologists often use ingenious procedures for uncovering social norms by thinking of clever ways to disrupt normal social interaction. In a famous series of ethnomethodology experiments, college students were asked to pretend that they were guests in their own home without telling their families what they were doing. They were instructed to be polite, impersonal, use terms of formal address (Mr. and Mrs.), and to only speak after being spoken to. When the experiment was over, several students reported that their families treated the episode as a joke. One family thought their daughter was being extra nice because she wanted something, while another’s believed their son was hiding something serious. Other parents reacted with anger, shock, and bewilderment, accusing their children of being impolite, mean, and inconsiderate. This experiment allowed the students to see that even the informal norms that govern our behavior inside our own homes are carefully structured. By violating the norms of the household, the norms become clearly visible. What We Can Learn from Ethnomethodology Ethnomethological research teaches us that many people have a hard time recognizing their own social norms.  Usually people go along with what is expected of them and the existence of norms only becomes apparent when they are violated. In the experiment described above, it became clear that normal behavior was well understood and agreed upon despite the fact that it had never been discussed or described.    References Anderson, M.L. and Taylor, H.F. (2009). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Paul Cezanne,post impressiont artist.His bibliography and works Essay

Paul Cezanne,post impressiont artist.His bibliography and works - Essay Example This paper discusses in depth about the bibliography of Paul Cezanne and his works in the field of art. Paul Cezanne was born in 1839 by a single mother who later got married to his father when Paul was at five years of age. This separation of his parents at his tender age branded him with stigma of illegitimacy causing him discomfort. At the age of 13, Paul attended Bourbon College where he met Emile Zola. His opportunity to go to school was the beginning point of his long life dream and success. He always attended drawing classes at a nearby academy when he came from school. This made him yearn for more drawing skills and gave him the desire to become a well-known artist2. His old time pal, Emile Zola, still encouraged him while he was at Paris. He kept motivating him through letters to move to Paris and further his skill in painting. His father who was a successful businessperson never approved of his son’s desire to become an artist. He advocated Paul to purse law, which he did and performed extremely marvelous in his first examinations. Cezanne’s uncomfortable relationship with his father made him unable to approach him regarding his dream and passion of art. However, his desire to move to Paris overwhelmed is fear upon his father and he went ahead to tell him about his plans3. To his disappointment, his intention to leave for Paris and further his art was met with disdain. He dropped out of school and his father lost hope in persuading him to continue with his law classes. He then offered him some money to cater for his expenses at Paris. Life at Paris was not at all smooth for Paul Cezanne. He failed in his entrance exams and the most hurting point was the rejection of his paintings. He completely lost hope in his dream as an artist and went back home regretting why he had tarnished his father’s dream of wanting him to study law. However, to be successful, an individual has to struggle and persist despite the

The benefits and drawbacks of digitalisation in educational sector Essay

The benefits and drawbacks of digitalisation in educational sector - Essay Example Some of these changes are positive whereas others are negative. This paper analyses the literature available through secondary research to know more about the benefits and drawbacks of information communication technology or digitalization in educational sector. Benefits of Digitalisation in Educational Sector Computer based technologies are normally used at the current educational sector which help the students and teachers to communicate and share information digitally. Word processing software like Microsoft Word and spread sheets like Microsoft Excel helps students immensely in creating instant documents and solving problems. Spelling checkers, dictionaries and readymade computer programs are available nowadays for corrections and calculations. Presentation software like Microsoft PowerPoint helps both teachers and students to express their views in a clear manner so that the mutual communication between the teacher and the students could be improved. Databases like Oracle, MS Ac cess etc help teachers to maintain digital records of students in a structured manner. In short, most of the curriculum functions are heavily dependent on the information communication technology at present. Internal and external networks like Local Area network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) are used specifically by schools and colleges to communicate each other. Interactive digital television (iDTV), as a relatively easy way to use technology, brings many challenges and opportunities into the field of education, i.e. formation and utilization of learning via TV, called t-learning. T-learning has many characteristics (i.e. technological or pedagogical aspects) that differentiate this type of education from other well elaborated... There are many drawbacks also associated with the digitalization of educational sector. Digitalization is an expensive act for educational sector. This paper outlines the problem of global digitalisation. This research is necessary to know more about the merits and demerits of digitalization in educational sector.The digital technology incorporated in educational sector should be user friendly. Otherwise teachers and students may stay away from it. Younger generation adapts more easily with the digitalization process in educational sector than the older generation. The world is getting digitalized more and more as time goes on. The introductions of computers, televisions, mobile phones and internet have created a digital culture which affects every segment of human life at present. The difference in culture between the current world and the world couple of decades before can be identified easily. It should be noted that the communication technologies a couple decades before was depen dent on analogue technology whereas it is heavily dependent on digital technologies at present.Creation of media rich environment in schools and homes is another advantage of digitalization of educational sector. Media plays a vital role in enhancing the quality of education. Students get substantial knowledge from media while they watch educational programs. Internet, email, televisions, tablets and mobile phones help students immensely in acquiring proper knowledge in their educational topics.

Macbeth’s Gender Role Reversal Essay Example for Free

Macbeth’s Gender Role Reversal Essay William Shakespeare’s tragedy â€Å"Macbeth† completely challenges the idea of traditional gender roles and social norms during the renaissance period. The male characters have many feminine traits while the female characters have many more masculine and manlier traits. This was going entirely against the stereotypical outlook of the roles you’re supposed to play as your gender during that time of history. During the renaissance period women were only expected to clean, cook, and to have babies. Men on the other hand were typically expected to work hard and to provide for the home. Socially women didn’t have power or respect and men were the ones who were supposed to be brave and tough at the best of times and the worst of times. That idea is challenged many times throughout Macbeth as their are several examples where Lady Macbeth remains strong while Macbeth crumbles and becomes weak. The play consistently challenges the society norms of gender roles. It’s obvious the Macbeth’s don’t serve as your stereotypical husband and wife. Right away throughout the first couple of acts, Shakespeare introduces Lady Macbeth’s character as an assertive and dominant woman that makes the decisions over her husband Macbeth. Lady Macbeth really makes it apparent that she wears the pants in there relationship. For example, in scene 1 act 5 when Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth King Duncan is coming and he seems to be very hesitant on how he will handle the King’s presence. Lady Macbeth takes charge and asserts her dominance by saying, â€Å"He that’s coming/ Must be provided for, and you shall put/ This night’s great business into my dispatch† (scene 1 act 5 64-66).In traditional society, if the king is coming to your house, it would be very unusual for the lady of the house to be in charge of handling the appearance by the king. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth also exchange roles in the way they handle their emotions and the way they handle the guilt. For instance, when it comes to the thought of murder and death, Lady Macbeth shows no mercy, and when King Duncan was murdered, she remained unphased by the act. This is apparent when she deals with Macbeth leaving the gory daggers at the site of the murder, â€Å"Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead/ Are but as pictures; ‘tis the eye of childhood/ That fears a painted devil.†(scene 2 act 2 56-58). Macbeth is portrayed as emotionally unstable and soft as he is afraid to even go back into the room where the murder took place, â€Å"I’ll go no more/ I am afraid to think what I have done†(scene 2 act 2 54-55). This interaction between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth really shows the unusual roles one another play in their relationship because, in a situation where someone is murdered or there is a serious crime, women aren’t usually t he ones who are brave and strong-minded about it, men are. As the play goes on, Lady Macbeth begins to lose her fierce and intimidating persona as Macbeth becomes the more assertive and dominant one. Lady Macbeth starts losing her edge when it becomes less difficult to get Macbeth to follow through with his murderous acts. Anytime Macbeth thinks you’re interfering with his kinship, he’ll have no problem taking you down and getting you out of his way. Macbeth no longer needs Lady Macbeth to persuade him. This is very apparent when he shows no mercy planning the murder of Banquo, â€Å"There’s comfort yet, they are assailable/ Then be thou jocund: ere the bat hath flown/ His cloistered flight, ere to black Hecate’s summons/ The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums/ Hath rung night’s yawning peal, there shall be done/ A deed of dreadful note† (scene 3 act 2 40-44). A completely different Macbeth we see out of this quote, no longer hesitant and no longer appearing to be affected by guilt. Now that Macbeth is this individual who is ready and eager to kill, Lady Macbeth begins to show the side of her that wasn’t present at the beginning of the play, â€Å"Come on. Gentle my lord/ Sleek o’er your rugged looks, be bright and jovial/ Among your guests tonight† (act 3 scene 2 26-28). Lady Macbeth expresses emotion and traits of care, unlike any other time. The play Macbeth features many different gender reversals throughout the entire play. Shakespeare really tests the normality of having women be the assertive and dominant one in a marriage while having the man be kind of timid and soft. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s gender reversals distinctively show the extreme traits one another possess and it gives an opposite perspective than what we are used to. Whatever goes up always must come down, and when Lady Macbeth and Macbeth begin to form into traditional gender roles, that becomes the start of their decline.

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Introduction Contemporary Human Resource Management (HRM) is a organizational function that encompasses recruiting, motivating and retaining people. It focuses on the people aspect, in order to ensure that the employees are used in an effective and efficient manner to accomplish organization’s objectives. It is done through a set of well-designed management systems. Traditional personnel, administration, and transactional roles of HRM are being outsourced increasingly. HRM’s main role is to zoom into how employees can be utilized strategically and impact the business with measurable. HRM focuses on strategic direction and HRM metrics and measurable to demonstrate value. Effective HRM enables employees to contribute to the overall company direction, goals and objectives in an effective and productive fashion. In this assignment, we should look into the major changes that HRM had undergone in terms how its functions, objectives and delivery, from Personnel Management (PM) to its current form. â€Æ' Personnel Management (PM) vs Human Resource Management (HRM) HRM derives its origin from the practices of the earlier PM, which assisted in the management of people in an organization setup. It is important to highlight the key differences between PM and HRM. In the nutshell, PM is an operational role, majority on administrative duties and record-keeping tasks. Not only to ensure fairness in the terms and conditions of employment, companies had who adopted PM, need to manage the personnel activities by department level individually. It is believed that by doing the abovementioned will aid the company in achieving its organizational goals successfully. HRM zoom in to the people strategies, integrating it with company’s corporate strategies, an... ...s an important portion in the organization, which is highly integrated with the core strategy. PM is typically held responsible by the company’s personnel/manpower department. In HRM, all managerial level of the organization is involved with a collective aim, where personnel issues are being taken care of by managers of the respective departments, who are trained with the necessary skill set. As motivations, PM offers employees with extrinsic rewards like compensation, bonuses, rewards, and the reduction of work responsibilities. From the PM point of view, by rewarding an employee will motivate him to perform better at work. On the other hand, HRM consider that by performing better will lead to a happier employee instead. With HRM, working in groups, overcoming challenges with effective strategies, and job creativity are considered to be the main motivating factors.

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof: What do you learn about Maggie from the way Tennessee Williams has presented her so far?  The character Margaret is married to Brick, the son of Big Daddy. They live together in Big Daddy’s house, along with his wife, Big Mama. We, as readers learn a lot about her character from the way she speaks, by what is said about her and by the stage directions. We also gain a good insight into her relationships with the people around her. Margaret’s relationship with Brick comes across as quite bizarre. His lack of interest in what she has to say gives the impression that he doesn’t care and also shows a slight lack of respect. For example, when Brick replies to Maggie’s first line in the play, he says â€Å"Wha’d you say, Maggie?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The stage directions prior to his response read â€Å"A tone of politely feigned interest, masking indifference or worse.† Other stage directions describing his attitude to Maggie’s statements share the same negativity; such as â€Å"Without interest.†, â€Å"Wryly†, â€Å"Absent mindedly†, â€Å"Dreamily†, followed by sarcastic comments. We also get the impression that Brick doesn’t find his wife as attractive as other men do. On page twenty-one, Maggie says â€Å"Way he always drops his eyes down my body when I’m talkin’ to him, drops his eyes to my boobs an’ licks his old chops!† The fact that she’s telling her husband how other men show interest in her comes across as a subtle hint to her husband that perhaps he should appreciate her more. Almost reassuring herself, as well as him that she’s an attractive woman. Brick’s response however doesn’t seem like the reply she was looking for. He describes her â€Å"talk† as disgusting. There’s also a sense of insecurity on Maggie’s front. When she catches Brick staring at her, she asks him continuously what he’s thinking when he stares at her like that. On page twenty-five, Maggie says â€Å"†¦I wish you would lose your looks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is a particular strange request to make of one’s partner. It makes readers assume she doesn’t want to be attracted to Brick any longer. This assumption is soon backed up with further lines on page twenty-eight when the couple talk of the â€Å"conditions† Maggie has to follow in order for Brick to continue living with her. They also refer to their bedroom as a cage, giving the sense of entrapment. Margaret’s relationship with Mae seems strained and false. Maggie’s continuous insulting of Mae’s children gives the impression that they don’t get along particularly well. The topic of children in Maggie and Brick’s relationship also seems awkward. Mae seems to take a patronising tone with Margaret on page twenty-nine when she says â€Å"Maggie, honey, if you had children of your own you’d know how funny that is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It seems that Mae is well aware of Maggie’s envy towards her for having children and likes to bring it up from time to time. Margaret often refers to Big Daddy when she’s attempting to make Brick jealous. When she was talking of the man who was looking her up and down, she was talking of Big Daddy, Brick’s father. She uses him as an example of a man who gives her attention to try and get Brick to do the same. She also talks of Big Daddy not getting along with Gooper, Brick’s brother or Mae. On page twenty, she says â€Å"Big Daddy dotes on you honey. And he can’t stand Brother Man and Brother Man’s wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Big Daddy is also supposed to be dying of cancer, therefore there’s a lot of talk of who will be getting the large share of his will. Margaret is obviously very aware of her sexuality. On the first page of the play, a stage direction says â€Å"She steps out of her dress, stands in a slip of ivory satin lace.† She also cares a lot about her appearance and what Brick thinks of her. I feel this because of her asking Brick what he thinks of her when he looks at her and because of stage directions such as â€Å"She adjusts the angle of a magnifying mirror to straighten an eyelash†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her relationship with her husband seems one sided and cruel. It seems as thought she wants children and a happy marriage like her sister in law however it’s made obvious that Brick doesn’t share the same passion. We know from the continuous talk of Big Daddy’s will that she has dreams of being rich. So far, Williams has made Maggie seem like a desperate, hurt character that covers her pain up with her loud personality.

Pareto Principle Essay

The term â€Å"Pareto principle† can also refer to Pareto efficiency. The Pareto principle (also known as the 80–20 rule, the law of the vital few, and the principle of factor sparsity) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. Business? management consultant Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle and named it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed in 1906 that 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population; he developed the principle by observing that 20% of the pea pods in his garden contained 80% of the peas. It is a common rule of thumb in business; e. g. , â€Å"80% of your sales come from 20% of your clients. † Mathematically, where something is shared among a sufficiently large set of participants, there must be a number k between 50 and 100 such that â€Å"k% is taken by (100 ? k)% of the parcipants. † The number k may vary from 50 (in the case of equal distribution, i. e. , 100% of the population have equal shares) to nearly 100 (when a tiny number of participants account for almost all of the resource). There is nothing special about the number 80% mathematically, but many real systems have k somewhere around this region of intermediate imbalance in distribution. The Pareto principle is only tangentially related to Pareto efficiency, which was also introduced by the same economist. Pareto developed both concepts in the context of the distribution of income and wealth among the population. In economics The original observation was in connection with population and wealth. Pareto noticed that 80% of Italy’s land was owned by 20% of the population. He then carried out surveys on a variety of other countries and found to his surprise that a similar distribution applied. Due to the scale? invariant nature of the power law relationship, the relationship applies also to subsets of the income range. Even if we take the 10 wealthiest individuals in the world, we see that the top three (Warren Buffett, Carlos Slim Helu, and Bill Gates) own as much as the next seven put together. A chart that gave the inequality a very visible and comprehensible form, the so? alled ‘champagne glass’ effect was contained in the 1992 United Nations Development Program Report, which showed the distribution of global income to be very uneven, with the richest 20% of the world’s population controlling 82. 7% of the world’s income. The Pareto principle has also been used to attribute the widening economic inequality in the United States to ‘skill? biased technical change’—i. e. , income growth accrues to those with the education and skills required to take advantage of new technology and globalization.

Of Mice and Men-outcasts essays

Of Mice and Men-outcasts essays In the novel, Of Mice and Men, Crooks and Curleys wife could both be considered outcasts. Crooks could be considered an outcast because of his race. Curleys wife could be considered an outcast because most of the characters believe trouble always follows her. Both Crooks and Curleys wife are thought of as social outcasts for various reasons, such as race and reputation. Many examples are stated throughout the novel in different situations with other characters. Crooks is mainly thought of as an outcasts because of his race. This was a common issue during the early 1900s when the story took place. Black people were segregated from the rest of society because of the color of their skin. Crooks realizes he is an outcast, and in the scene where Lennie goes into Crooks room and asks him why he isnt wanted, Crooks replies, Cause Im black. They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you, you all of you stink to me. Crooks is well aware of the issue of segregation and has to accept the fact that because of his race he will always be treated differently than white people. Curleys Wife is considered an outcast because she is just that, the wife of Curley. All of the men on the farm try to avoid Curley because they know he seems like a person who is always looking for trouble. His wife is a very flirtatious woman mainly because all of the men ignore her and she is always complaining how lonely she gets. For example, in one scene where she came into the barn looking for Curley, Crooks told her to go along and that they didnt want any trouble. Curleys wife responded, Well, I aint giving you no trouble. Think I dont like to talk to somebody ever once in a while. Think I like to stick in that house alla time? What she was referring to was the fact that she usually s ...

Professional Tips to Improve Your Literary Analysis Writing

Professional Tips to Improve Your Literary Analysis Writing Short and Easy Guide for Writing a Literary Analysis Many students dislike writing literary analysis and see no point in doing this. However, the task is a great practice for developing an analytical intuition and critical thinking. No matter what your teacher asks you to write: a short paragraph that explains some facts about a piece of literature or an analytical essay that consists of several pages, your preparation shall start from understanding the aim of the work. Reading a book, a novel or a poem, we accept the text as a whole. In other words, we see a completed imaginary picture. However, if we start to think about the written words more carefully and analyze each sentence, phrase or even a word, we may see a lot of information that is not very obvious, however, is interesting and valuable to a reader. Literary analysis is just like reading between lines. It allows us to see another side of written information and great shades of its meaning. In the beginning it may sound boring to you, however, later you may even find it interesting and intriguing. How to Read a Text for Literary Analysis Any analysis starts with reading the text that you are going to analyze. However, this time try to read the text more thoughtfully, finding answers to the following questions: What is the message the author wanted to share intentionally? Usually, it’s the easiest question to answer. You have just to read the text and to understand the information it gives. What is the true personality of the main characters? This question needs careful thinking. Try not only to notice direct descriptions of the characters but also to analyze their actions and the conditions that influenced them. Sometimes you may even discover real-life prototypes of the literary characters or those real-life figures that donated their features to the novel heroes. Why the author chose certain writing means and ways? Creating a poem or a novel, authors are trying to choose the size, tone, and language that would help to create the most appropriate atmosphere for the described event. Very often we do not notice these methods. However, if we look deeper, we will see the great work that stands behind each literary masterpiece. Moreover, sometimes an author may use special elements unintentionally. However, these elements may reveal some additional information about an author’s attitude to the described events or characters. What a Literary Analysis Is Developing a clear understanding of what literary analysis is, you will find the best way of analyzing the texts. In fact, literary analysis is an essay that helps to understand a piece of literature in a better and deeper way. It may be aimed at analyzing the whole text or understanding some characters or events described in the text. No matter which type of literary work you are supposed to analyze, the methods that are used for that will be the same or will slightly differ. In order to make your literary analysis detailed and informative, you shall start with separating a text on some parts and elements to work with each of them. Analyzing text, you shall pay attention to those elements that are less obvious, for example: the connection between the main information that an author wanted to express and the methods and words that were chosen for expressing it; the connection between the plot and the sub-plot of a literary work; the connection between the described events and the reality of the author. Sometimes it’s also wise to learn more about the author himself, trying to understand the personality and the possible mood of the writer. You may discover a lot of elements that could be influenced by some events from the childhood of the author, reflection of his political or moral views, etc. A Short Definition of Literary Analysis Literary Analysis is a detailed and complex analysis of elements and expressive methods that are used by an author for discovering and defining their effects on a reader and their role for expressing the main idea of the text. The literary analysis concentrates on a theme, topic, characters, plot, methods, and devices created or chosen by an author. Structure and Format of Literary Analysis Just like any other writing work, the literary analysis shall be properly formatted and structured. This helps to group and organize the information in a more logical and comfortable to read way. The structure of your literary analysis is similar to others essay that you used to deal with: Introduction; Thesis Statement; Body paragraph; Final Conclusion. Introduction The introductory part is aimed at telling your reader what the essay is about. It shall include elements like: Data about the analyzed piece of literature: title, a name of the author, year of creation and other information that may be helpful for identifying the subject. A statement or statements that may express the main aim of your essay. A thesis statement that shall be a final part of the introductory paragraph. It shall be short, laconic and very informative. Some writing experts advise to include a question that you are going to answer later in your essay. There is an easy way to check if the introductory paragraph is informative enough. Check if it answers the following questions: WHO: the information about an author and its creation. WHAT: the main question or issue that is going to be solved. HOW: the methods and ways that are going to be used in order to reach the aim. WHY: the idea about how the results can be used in real life, for which purposes and why the author of the essay choose the topic. Body Paragraph The common mistake of many students is writing the body of an essay as a single paragraph. This part of an essay is the biggest and most informative. It can be difficult to read or to understand it. That’s why it’s better to write two or more paragraphs with several sub-paragraphs if necessary. There are also several great tips that can help you to write a great body paragraph: Use a separate paragraph for each statement or an idea. It’s better to express the main idea at the beginning of the paragraph. Check if it coincides with the general idea of an essay that is mentioned in the thesis. Supporting your ideas with some facts can be useful. However, it’s also necessary to support your ideas with extracts from the piece of literature and quotes. For this purpose, you can use extracts of dialogues or monologues of the characters. Try to understand and to describe an author’s choice of literature techniques instead of giving simple definitions to them. End each paragraph with some important information. Psychologists say that readers will accept information better if it’s given at the beginning and at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes it’s very difficult not to step away from the main aim. To avoid that, check if each of your paragraphs corresponds to the main topic mentioned in the introductory part. Conclusion The final part of the essay is shorter but not less important than the body part. Some students think that the conclusion is a short and very laconic rewrite of the body paragraph. However, it’s wrong to think this way. The conclusion part is aimed at answering the main question that was described or mentioned in a thesis. It also shows how the statements that were mentioned and described in the body paragraph support the main conclusion. 5 Common Types of Literary Analysis There are several types of literary analysis. They differ due to pieces of literature they describe, their main aim and methods that are used for analysis. Here, we describe some of the existing types that are commonly used for academic programs: Close Reading This type of analysis is used for noticing and analyzing small details and parts of the text. For example, in this case, great attention is paid to some minor actions, gestures of the characters, choice of words, etc. This type of analysis allows noticing the smallest elements of the general picture created by an author and understanding it in a better way. Theoretical Unlike the type that is described above, the theoretical type of analysis is more concentrated on the general idea or some key elements. This analysis allows evaluating the main theory described in the literary work. It may also include a comparison between the described theory and other possible theories connected to a subject. Comparative This type of analysis means that a writer of an essay compares two or more elements that may have a connection to the piece of literature. In fact, there are different subtypes of the comparative analysis. It may be a comparison between two elements or characters that are used in the same text, a comparison between two literary works of the same or different authors, etc. Contextual This type of analysis requires a careful investigation of the historical, geographical and cultural background of the events that are described in a novel or a poem. This analysis is helpful for a better understanding of the information that is given in the author’s text. Applied The applied type of literary analysis is aimed at revealing your own attitude to the written text. Many students think that this means that writing an applied analysis can be less difficult than dealing with other types of analysis. In fact, it’s not really true. This type of analysis allows you to be more creative, however, it never means that the analysis shall look less critical and deep. Usage of Examples for Literary Analysis Using correct and illustrative examples may be a great method to support and explain your statements. Which examples can be used? Description of similar situations from your personal experience or experience of some people you know. Description of situations that are related to more understandable reality. For example, an explanation of how an event mentioned in an analyzed historical novel could be interpreted nowadays. Describing situations that are mentioned in other pieces of literature. Alternative Solution It’s always a nice way to read some additional guidelines or explanations and to practice for a while before writing an excellent literature analysis. However, students’ life is more complicated than it may appear. Sometimes students have too much work, feel unmotivated to write an essay or simply think that working on an essay or another type of writing assignment can ruin some of their great plans. There’s always an alternative solution for situations like that. For example, applying to our writing service in order to receive some help! If something goes wrong with the preparation of your writing paper, there’s no need to worry. We are always ready to save you!

Lesson plan on Identifying Synonyms Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Lesson plan on Identifying Synonyms - Coursework Example 2. Prompt students to think of other pairs of words that mean the same thing. Write these synonyms on sentence strips, and cut them apart so that you have one word for each student in the class. If students are having difficulty thinking of synonyms, give them one of these words and prompt them to think of a synonym: big/huge, tiny/small, scared/afraid, cute/pretty, rock/stone, loud/noisy, sofa/couch, dinner/supper, store/market, lady/woman, rug/carpet, yell/scream, finish/end, start/begin, quick/fast. 3. Shuffle the words. Explain to students that they will be going on a synonym hunt and that each of them will receive a card with a word on it that they must not look at until they are told. The object of the game is for each student to move around the room and find his/her partner, who has a word that means the same thing. When students find their partners, they should sit down. The game is over when each student has found a partner. To begin, fold each word in half so that the word cannot be seen and give one word to each student. When each student has a card say, â€Å"Let the hunt begin!† 5. As a fun follow-up activity or one to incorporate into the lesson, have students make their own puppets with various facial expressions. They can create puppet skits with partners or groups and think of synonyms. I decided to get someone from the crowd and get to know their feelings. From the line, I encountered Sofia Contreras, a housewife. She was very excited to be part of the event and was sure that the beauty store is a good initiative for the whole town. Prepare sentences with words underlined, and have students select a synonym from a word box for the underlined word in each sentence. For example, have students choose from among the words huge, fast, couch, small, and large to select synonyms for the

Why I want to study fashion design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I want to study fashion design - Essay Example This is one area that really helps me to exploit my creative urges and gives a huge satisfaction when my designs are liked by people. I have therefore decided to go for professional degree in fashion designing so that I could further explore the intricacy of the business. I believe that the degree from this college would help me to grow not only as a person but also as a professional who would be able to meet the challenges of the contemporary world. My family and friends have been the major motivating force. My passion of ethnic design and use of fusion technique in my design is my strongest point. As a child I was much enamored with the fashion magazines which use to showcase the clothes of leading fashion designers of Milan and Paris. As I grew up, I realized that while I am fascinated with the contemporary fashion designers, I am equally amazed at the variety of ethnic designs across the culture, color and nationality. The multicultural society therefore has been a very vital par t of my creativity which I believe needs to be used for exploiting my potential as a designer. In the contemporary environment of globalization, the professional degree in fashion designing would equip me with wider options to expertly exploit the opportunities and help gain a competitive advantage within the fashion industry.

Cocaine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cocaine - Essay Example To understand those who use it, one must understand that cocaine is a stimulant drug that is primarily metabolized by the liver. So much of the drug is metabolized by the body, that less than 1% of the drug is secreted through urine. As stated by Maureen Coombs, â€Å"Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant and induces a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. It can be chewed, insufflated, smoked or injected and has both medicinal and recreational uses†. With this information in mind, one can understand why individuals who use this substance do so. The purpose is not to experience a high, as it is with individuals who smoke marijuana. Instead, cocaine users seek the euphoric feeling and high level of energy associated with its use. Reports that have come out in past decades have indicated that deaths from cocaine use are not caused by overdose. Such reports may have caused a reduction in concern over its very real dangers. The reality is that cocaine c ontinues to kill thousands of individuals every year, and most of those deaths result from long-term damage caused by extensive abuse. According to Karch, â€Å"It is important to understand that death from acute cocaine toxicity is a relatively rare event, essentially only seen in ‘body packers’ or ‘body stuffers’ who find themselves exposed to massive, multigram quantities of cocaine. Otherwise, the only cocaine users likely to become seriously ill or die are the chronic users†. That is to say, fatal overdoses from cocaine do not occur from users â€Å"over indulging† in the user’s illegal substance of choice. Rather, the overdoses result in something going awry when individuals attempt to use themselves or allow themselves to be used as a drug mule. Packages of immense amounts of cocaine in their body are supposed to be sealed, but occasionally the packages become broken down enough to allow the cocaine to absorb in to the body. One of the reasons why cocaine users do not overdose through regular use is that the amount of cocaine required to produce an overdose is not possible via that method. The user would have to make themselves sick to achieve an overdose. When the purpose of using the drug is to achieve euphoria, to make oneself sick would be counterproductive. In terms of usage, â€Å"Nasal inhalation is the most popular method of cocaine administration certainly because of its discretion† (Blaise, pg. 1262). There are also the options of injecting the drug, or smoking it. As Blaise wrote, snorting cocaine is typically the primary method chosen because of the ease with which one can hide it—at first. Extended cocaine use has the unpleasant side effect of causing nasal lesions, which are all but impossible to hide. When officials want to test for cocaine, often they will take hair, blood, or urine samples. A little known fact about hair is that it essentially acts like a tree core. Where on a tree, each ring represents a year of life, hair shows signs of illegal substance use up to 90 days later. Urine tests can be used to screen for cocaine use 2-5 days after use, with the exception for those with certain kidney disorders. Finally, blood tests can be used accurately within 2-5 days. Individuals who indulge their drug habit with cocaine will find that at first, all may seem well and good.

Analysis Of The Prospects Of Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Analysis Of The Prospects Of Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay We all know that the discovery of new oil rich deposits have gone down drastically over the past decade. These fossil fuels are the main reason behind the global warming gripping the world today. So increasing number of Governments and researchers are turning to renewable sources of energy to make it more affordable. Solar energy is one of the fastest growing sources of energy in terms of electricity generation. Solar energy was never looked at for mass production of energy until recently. This change in perception is due to the reduction on prices of the material required for setting up of a solar power plant and also a lot of incentives from various agencies around the world. In India wind power has been taken up in major way but due to high prices of raw materials in India production of solar power based energy is very slow to evolve. The distributions of various sources of renewable sources of power around the world are given below in the pie chart. Here in the pie chart we have solar energy sources being split into two aspects. One being solar collectors (solar thermals) and the other being through the photo voltaic(PV) cells. Lets have a look at the various aspects from how much sun ray we receive and how electricity is generated from it Solar Energy Solar energy is produced from the sun rays received from the sun. The upper atmosphere of Earth receives 174 petawatts(PW) of solar radiation. Approximately 30% of the incoming solar rays are reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earths surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. The total solar energy absorbed by Earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. There are two ways in which suns ray are used to generate power: Solar thermal Solar thermal energy is a technology for harnessing solar energy for thermal energy (heat). Solar thermal collectors are defined by the USA Energy Information Administration as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors. Low temperature collectors are flat plates generally used to heat swimming pools. Medium-temperature collectors are also usually flat plates but are used for creating hot water for residential and commercial use. High temperature collectors concentrate sunlight using mirrors or lenses and are generally used for electric power production. STE is different from photo voltaics, which convert solar energy directly into electricity. While only 600 megawatts of solar thermal power is up and running worldwide in October 2009. There are broadly two technologies under solar thermal: Parabolic Trough About ten large scale parabolic trough plants have been operational since1984 and producing power for commercial use. The California Mojave Desert plant being the oldest among them. There are fields in which parabolic trough are placed in series one beside the other. The get the heat from the sun and transfer it to the turbine (Rankin turbine) these plants produce daily in the range of 14 to 80 MW and overall 354 MW. The trough is usually lined up on a north to south axis, and rotated throughout the day with the movement of the sun across the sky. Solar Power Tower Solar power towers are huge towers erected in the middle of large reflective mirrors (called heliostats) which concentrate the solar radiation to this tower. The heat is then transferred to generate steam and produce electricity. These types of plants generally produce in the range of 30 to 400 MW range. Worlds largest concentrating solar thermal power stations Name Country Capacity(MW) Technology Used* Solar Energy Generating Systems USA 354 Parabolic Trough Navada Solar One USA 64 Parabolic Trough Andasol1 Spain 50 Parabolic Trough PS20 Solar Power Tower Spain 20 Solar Power Tower PS10 Solar Power Tower Spain 10 Solar Power Tower Photo voltaic (PV) array In this system an array of photovoltaic cells are put in series and parallel configuration to achieve the necessary voltage and each are connected to invertors to directly generate AC type of electricity from the DC type. These photovoltaic arrays are made up of multiple interconnected solar cells. The design is such that they can take any load required. The power of a single photovoltaic cell is usually enough for a home or a standalone business. Solar arrays are usually measured by the peak electrical power throughput in watts, kilowatts, or even megawatts. Worlds largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants Name Country Capacity(MW) Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park Spain 60 Strasskirchen Solar Park Germany 54 Lieberose Photovoltaic Park Germany 53 Puertollano Photovoltaic Park Spain 50 Moura photovoltaic power station Portugal 46 Global Scenario Going by the current growth rates of the solar power source, it is being predicted that energy generated from these sources would be the biggest power source for the world in a few decades. A few years back in 2008 it was just about 0.02 percent of the total energy supply in the world. This is the amount to shift we would be witnessing in the energy sector. The total number of PV installed worldwide has been going up rapidly. The PV installations went up by a huge 7.3 GW last year which was just 6,080 MW installed during the earlier year 2008. Currently the solar power has a very small share in the world energy market. Totally its productions accounts for not more than 0.01% of total demand for power or energy around the world right now. Solar Energy demand has grown at about 30% per annum over the past 15 years (hydrocarbon energy demand typically grows between 0-2% per annum).Research confirms that the Asia Pacific, European and United States all are expected to put in very good nu mbers in terms of installed capacity and also the contribution to their respective grids over 5 to 10 years. Lets look at the cost involved of these PV cells. With the process of solar Energy (PV cells) coming down gradually over the past decade or so this is one technology which is looking better every day. We have seen over the past decade that process have been going down by four percent every year. Progressive and manufacturing economies of scale are the major driving for the same along with a healthy growth in conversion efficiencies. By early 2006, the average cost per installed watt for a residential sized system was about USD 7.50 to USD 9.50, including panels, inverters, mounts, and electrical items. Close to 2 billion people around the world have never seen electricity or are in far corners where its where difficult to supply. For most of them, solar PV would be the cheapest electricity source, if they can afford it. List of top five counties as per generation of solar energy Grid-Connected Solar PV Capacity till 2009(MW) Country Capacity Germany 9830 Spain 3250 Japan 2600 United States 1200 Italy 1032 Global trends European nations are ahead from the rest of the world in terms of the installed capacity and also in terms of projects under construction. If we look at the above given table we would see that three out of 5 countries belong to the EU. Germany and Spain have taken it up very aggressively. Renewable energy contributed 10.3% of energy consumption in the EU. Half of Swedens electricity demands are met by solar power followed by Finland at 30%. India has started its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar plan which has a target to generate 1000MW of solar energy by 2013. Japan is the third largest producer of solar energy producer in the world. In December 2008, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in Japan set a goal of 70% of newly built homes should have solar power instruments installed, and Japan would be spending $145 million across 2009 to encourage solar power in homes. All renewable resources of power put together including solar, wind, etc provide about 12 percent of the nation s power supply in United States of America as of now. The Department of Energy in US has set the goal of producing 10-15% of US total power need from sources of solar energy by the year 2030. Solar power has been expanding rapidly in the past 8 years, growing at a very impressive average rate of 40% per year in USA alone. The cost per kilowatt-hour of solar photovoltaic systems has also been dropping, whereas the power generated out of renewable energy is becoming costly. As a result, the report projects that solar power will reach cost parity with conventional power sources in many U.S. markets by 2015.With the growing demand for the PV modules around the world, the PV module suppliers are making hay while the sun is shining. In India Tata BP Solar is the market leader. Around the world following is the list of major suppliers. List of Major Global companies supplying PV Module: First Solar Suntech Sharp Yingli Trina Solar Sunpower Corporation Kyocera Corporation Canadian Solar Inc. SolarWorld AG Sanyo Electric The market for clean energy is growing at a very healthy rate and as the solar power has the most abundant source of energy (the sun) so the prospects for these suppliers looks very good. There are various tax incentives from various Governments which are encouraging the use of solar energy. Potential of Solar power in India Indian being located in the sunny regions of the world receives about 3000 hours of sunshine every year which is equivalent to 5 trillion kWh of energy. This solar energy can be tapped to meet the growing energy needs of country. Also with increasing pressure from the developed country to lower the pollution levels, it has become imperative for India to look for non-polluting sources of energy. Solar energy could emerge as one of the best options for clean energy. Most of the villages in India are not connected to the power grid. It is less expensive to install Photo Voltaic (PV) modules in these home and villages rather than making the grids longer or setting up a power plant nearby. So for electricity production in rural areas, solar energy could be a cheaper alternative. Present Status Solar power generation has lagged behind other renewal sources of energy like wind, hydropower, and biomass. As per Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), solar energy currently account  for only 0.1 percent of the total capacity of renewal energy installed in the country which stands at 13,242.41 MW. Though India is in the top 10 worldwide for both solar photovoltaic (PV) cell production and solar thermal power production, the solar power produced in India is only about 0.4 % as compared to other energy resources. The current usage of solar energy in India is as follows: Solar street lighting systems: 55,795 Home lighting systems: 342,607 Solar lanterns used in India: 560,295 Solar PV power plants: 1566  kW Solar thermal production: 140  km2  of collector area Solar cookers: 575,000 Solar PV pumps: 6,818 The main hindrance in the use of solar energy is the high cost which is about Rs 15-30 involved in deployment whereas its Rs 5-8 for thermal power.  Solar energy usage has been mainly limited to villages which do not have proper power distribution networks to fulfill their basic needs of lighting, heating and cooking. Major players Tata BP Solar Tata BP Solar is the largest solar company in Asia. It is a joint venture between Tata Group and BP Solar. To generate electricity from sunlight, the company manufactures silicon cells and solar modules. Tata BP executed a project in which they electrified 350 villages in the state of Chhattisgarh which had never seen electricity before. The company plans to revamp its supplies to the market by bettering its manufacturing capacity of PV cells from 84 MW to more than 180 MW this financial year. Moser Baer Solar Limited (MBSL) The company has leveraged its core competency in optical media to produce high quality solar cells. It is one of largest manufacturers of Photo Voltaic (PV) modules in India. It has current production capacity are as follows: Type Produces capacity(MW) Crystalline Cells 50 Crystalline Modules 50 Thin Films 90 Moser Baer provides wide range of solutions which include site analysis, system design, erection and commissioning, operation and maintenance of solar equipments. SELCO Solar Pvt. Ltd SELCO is a social enterprise which uses solar PV cells to generate enough electricity to light the houses, pump water from wells and power various communication devices. It manufactures products for Solar lighting (CFL and LED), Solar Thermal (Water heaters). SELCOs cook stove initiative is a major boost to rural sector which has targets to improve quality of life and control pollution by providing advanced technology at affordable prices. Reliance Solar Group The company offers a wide range of products, systems and  solutions ranging from solar lanterns, home lighting systems, street lighting systems, water purification systems, refrigeration systems to air conditioners. Reliance Industries (RIL) has the experience of implementing a number of solar projects in the various parts of India. For the Commonwealth games, Reliance Industries Solar Energy Group set a huge rooftop energy system which can generate 1 MW  solar at the Thyagaraj Commonwealth Stadium in New Delhi in April this year, making it the largest solar rooftop of its kind in India. They are currently working on another huge project of a solar farm having a capacity of 5 MW in Western part of India which is slated to be the largest of its kind in India. The company  currently  sources solar panels from other companies for setting up power plants but in future the company could even venture into the solar cell/module manufacturing business. RIL has also implemented 2.6 KWp solar PV power plants for each of the three tennis courts at the R K Khanna Tennis Complex. For the Commonwealth Games Village, it has installed 34 back up solar PV systems of 3 KWp each, 180 solar LED street lights and 500 garden lights. The entire solar initiative is to compensate for CO2 emissions to be released through the game. NTPC NTPC has completed or planning to setup the following solar power projects in the country: Capacity (MW) Technology Location 15 Solar thermal Rajasthan 25 Solar thermal Uttar Pradesh 6 Solar PV Andaman Nicobar 5 Solar PV Uttar Pradesh 5 Solar PV Haryana 10 Solar PV Uttar Pradesh 10 Solar PV Chhattisgarh 25 Solar PV Andhra Pradesh Government incentives and subsidies The Government is doing its bit to spread the growth of solar energy. It has declared as part of official policy a 100% tax holiday to any PV plant pr solar thermal plant which are installed and up and running by the year 2020. They have also declared to let go excise duty and decrease the custom duty if products are imported from OEM and not to mention the cheap loans. Additionally, under the Generation-Based Incentive (GBI) programme, the plant developers will be offered financial assistance to reduce the production cost by offering of Rs 12/unit to producer in case of solar PV and Rs 10/unit if the use the solar thermal for the next 10 years. For this the plant must produce more than 1MW and contribute it to the central grid. The government has also announced a number of sops under a special incentive package to improve spread of solar energy .Under the governments scheme to create solar cities in India, all the local governments of the 60 cities would be provided an assistance of Rs 50 lakh, of which Rs 10 lakh would be for drafting of a master plan, Rs 10 lakh for installation of solar modules in the the various city council buildings, Rs 10lakh as an incentive to complete the project over 5 yrs and the rest for promoting this(Rs 20lakh). State governments are also providing rebates in property tax to house owners and commercial establishments for using solar water heating systems. Future growth Prospects in India Under the Jawaharlal Nehru  National  Solar Mission (JNNSM), India plans to generate 20,000 MW grid connected solar power by 2022. In the first phase of JNNSM, 1000 MW capacity will be added by March 2013, half based on solar PV equipment and rest on solar thermal technology. Following are the suggestions of a Ajay Shankar committee which if accepted by the central government will b a shot in the arm for JNNSM and a huge booster for solar energy sector in India: Up to 2013: Mandatory use of PV cells and modules made in India for all grid connected solar power plants. 2012-2013: Mandatory use of Power Conditioning Units (PCUs) which are manufactured in India. 2013-2014: Review for probable extension to various products used in solar power generation like wafers and silicon which are manufactured in India. On the state front, the Gujarat government has already signed a MoU with Clinton Foundation which would help then install the worlds biggest solar energy plant in Gujarat. The 3 GW plant would be one of four mega solar plants planned by the foundation to promote the use of renewable energy. The other proposed sites are in California, South Africa, and Australia. The government has proposed to develop 60 solar cities during the 11th Plan period. The solar cities would be based on the lines of New York in USA, Tokyo in Japan and London in UK. This initiative will again act as a boost to the solar industry. After the announcement of the JNNSM, which aims at a huge jump in solar power generation capacity in the country by 2022, it has met with a huge response. It was proposed by the some 25 companies that they would be interested in putting in a total sum of a thousand cr over the next 3 -5 yrs. From the figures, one can say that the future of solar energy in India looks to very bright. CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS HIGH CAPITAL COST One of the biggest challenges that solar energy faces is that competing energy sources have always been cheaper in terms of dollars per kilowatt-hour (a standard measure). Compared to electricity from coal-fired power plants, solar is more expensive. Lets take India as a country into consideration. The hunt for better, cheaper Solar cells is due in India. Despite the fact that the price of Solar Photovoltaic technology has been coming down over the years it still remains economically unviable for power generation purposes. The average cost of Solar PV modules was around Rs. 2 lakhs per kW. However, the estimated unit cost of generation of electricity from Solar Photovoltaic and Solar thermal route is in the range of Rs. 12 -20 per kWh and Rs. 10 15 per kWh respectively in India. With present level of technology, solar electricity produced through the Photovoltaic conversion route is 4-5 times costlier than the electricity obtained from conventional fossil fuels. MANUFACTURING PROCESS Solar PV cell manufacturing is a technology-intensive process requiring high expertise and know-how. Besides, the technology landscape in the solar industry PV space is changing quite rapidly with innovations and RD. It is challenging for new entrants to replicate the success of companies having a long standing in the Solar PV market. SITE SUITABILITY Many sites dont receive enough solar energy to make the production cost effective. Cloudy areas with frequent rain are often not well suited for solar panels because typically solar panels need direct sun to produce power. STORAGE Another major challenge is storing solar energy. Cloudy weather and night time darkness interrupt solar energys availability. At times and locations where sunlight is plentiful, its energy must be captured and stored for use at other times and places. The most important disadvantage about solar energy is that the access on a short-term basis can be uncertain. The total incoming radiation normally doesnt vary much from year to year (typically  ±5 per cent), but it is not easy to predict on a day-to-day basis. Incoming radiation has seasonal variations that are in an anti-phase with the energy demand for important areas of applications, for example space heating. If one is to trust solar energy as the only energy source, either one has to adjust to the variations given by nature, store. The first alternative is impractical, the latter are expensive. Energy storage makes up a substantial part of the cost for both solar heating installations and systems for the production of electricit y for remote buildings and plants. Improved energy storage will therefore mean a lot for the solar energys possibility to compete with conventional solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS Another concern area is installing Solar cells on the land area. The large amount of land required for utility-scale Solar power plants approximately one square kilometer for every 20-60 MW generated poses an additional problem. RAW MATERIAL AND WASTE PRODUCTS Some of the materials (like Cadmium) used for producing Solar PV cells are hazardous and other raw materials like plastics used for the packaging of the cells are non-biodegradable, thereby impacting the environment. Although some of the waste generated during the manufacturing process is recyclable (silicon), not all other materials are recyclable and disposal of the same is a challenging process. AESTHETICS AND DESIGN Another barrier to wider adoption of solar cell and solar module products and systems among commercial and residential consumers is aesthetics and design. Historically, consumers have resisted solar products for aesthetic reasons. Established solar products are heavy, rigid, fragile and non-modular. Solar cell and solar module manufacturers can improve aesthetics by developing products that can be more attractively integrated into building structures, and that are lighter, flexible and modular and hence more feasible. Growth in future and driving factors Concentrated Solar Vs Photovoltaic Solar Solar energy utilization technologies can be broadly classified into two categories as Concentrated Solar Technology Photovoltaic Solar Technology In Concentrated Solar Technology the solar energy converts heat liquids into steam, which is then used to drive turbines to produce electricity, heating and cooling purposes, providing hot water etc. In PV Solar, solar panels are used to produce electricity. The Concentrated Solar technology provides a good alternative to PV solar, one that is less expensive and more versatile. Benefits of concentrated solar technology are: It uses existing resources like generators, piping and mirrors. Due to which the production costs are much lower than PV solar In producing solar energy no hazardous materials are used. Thus it is free from production hassles that could arise due to future government laws or policies. It can also store the heat that is generated during the day, and use it at a later time when the electricity is needed. Storing heat is much more efficient than most forms of storing electricity, and does not require expensive equipment or large tracks of land. Due to the aforementioned benefits Concentrated Solar Technology is currently a more sought after method. But the potential for PV Solar Technology is higher and is being worked over across all countries. Government incentives Major percentage of the solar energy production has been backed by the government world over. Few of the government incentives in the following ways are: FIT (mainly in Europe) Direct Subsidy on panels Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS, in US) ITC (Investment tax credits, in US) Some of the goals with respect to solar energy of different countries driven by government initiatives are: The  European Union  has linked goals to get 20% of its energy from clean sources by 2012. Chinas Renewable Energy Law aims to raise the total percentage of renewable energy used in the country to 15% by 2020. The U.S. Stimulus Bill of February of 2009 included $60 billion in loan guarantees for companies building solar and wind plants with the goal of doubling renewable energy production from 2009 to 2012. In June of 2008, Germany approved a law cutting its solar subsidies by 10%. Further, under the law subsidies will fall another 8%-10% each year for the next three years. The Spanish Government cut its solar subsidies by 30%. Renewable energy demand Shifts in renewable energy demand are a major driver for the solar market. Two major drivers of this shift are climate change  and  peak oil. Climate Change With more people than ever being aware of global warming and its potential effects, and fear of the repercussions of a carbon-based energy scheme is driving consumer demand for alternatives like solar. With increasing number of people being aware of global warming and its harmful effects, rising fear caused due to carbon based energy production, the demand for alternative energy resources are in demand. The number of awareness campaigns to promote the use of alternative resources has increased tremendously over the past few years and will continue to rise in the future. Wind and Solar energy are the first potential step taken into consideration. Peak Oil and Energy Independence The ever rising oil prices and the scarcity of finding the mines and oil reserves are a growing concern. It is predicted that the oil resources will dwindle to such an extent that the growth of any country will be a standstill if measures are not taken today to curtail the dependence. Furthermore, a large part of the world oil supply can be found in politically turbulent countries; with OPEC having dominant control over world oil supply (and, therefore, prices), many countries desire energy alternatives in order to break dependence on geopolitically unstable nations. Technology and Silicon Supply Silicon was previously used extensively by the semiconductor industry. But, with the advent of solar power and its rapid growth the demand for them has increased exponentially, resulting in an under-supply of silicon unable to meet the current demand. Thus the higher prices in silicon mean higher production costs for solar companies and lower margins. For a sustainable growth and control in costs of production in the future the demand-supply equilibrium must be in check. In recent years the technical advancements in the field of solar power has been rapid and tremendous. Everyone across the value chain, manufacturers and suppliers are working towards producing more solar energy out of the existing solar equipment. Advancements have included increasing cell energy efficiency, using thinner wafers, and increasing generating power in low-light (generation of energy even on a cloudy day). The advancement in two new manufacturing processes namely string-ribbon technology and thin-film technology, designed to drastically reduce the  silicon  required to make PV cells, could dramatically decrease the cost of new PV cells. The use of a new nanotechnology based approach using Tetrapod Quantum Dots (TQ-Dots) is being considered. It is an economical alternative to replace the silicon wafer based solar cells with flexible TQ-Dot solar cells and has the advantage of generating electricity from UV and infrared wavelengths allowing generation 24/7. Government Regulation As the solar industry continues to grow at 25% per annum, the government is faced with the challenge to regulate the industry to allow for equitable distribution of the industry benefits. The Union Ministry has set up a separate Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources later renamed as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. The government is trying hard to bring India to the number 1 level by introducing grid based incentives and providing concession at various levels of manufacturing and distribution in its recent budget 2010-11. Effect on the Environment: There is an ongoing debate on how Concentrated Solar Plants especially are affecting the environment. There is a concern how the use of vast amounts of public land for Solar Energy development will affect local inhabitants. Local Government and Environmental bodies have raised concern for reliable regulatory measures to be setup to understand the affect on the operations of such large plants on the environment. It is expected that the government will frame certain special energy zones, where concentrated solar plants will be setup. Permitting: The permit fees to set up Solar Plants varies in different areas in the countries, which causes variations in the setup price causing a dilemma in the minds of prospective investors.The cost of Solar Installation in a city varies from Rs.15,000 to Rs. 50,000.Many countries that used to face such issues are now migrating to a uniform permit fees system to encourage investment in this field. Regulating Solar Energy Providers: As part of JNNSM, government has dedicated NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam, for the purchase of Solar Energy by independent solar plants, the prices of which are fixed by the Central Regulatory Electricity Commission for a given period of time. The power distribution companies will purchase the power generated from these plants at the prices set by the regulator. They would also follow the below mentioned norms: CERC has announced tariff of Rs. 18.44 per unit for solar PV power and Rs. 13.45 per unit for solar thermal power for 25 years; Zero or concessional duty to be applied on import of some specific items; Zero Excise duty on manufacture of many solar energy devices within the country; NTPC VVN will purchase solar power for a period of 25 years at fixed tariff announced by CERC; CERC will review the costs every year and fix tariff accordingly for new projects. Union Budget 2010-11: Government has announced an allocation of $10bn for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. The budget also provides incentives to private solar companies by reducing customs duty on solar panel by 5% and exempting excise duty on photovoltaic panels. Conclusion